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斯通沃尔·杰克逊（Stonewall Jackson），托马斯·乔纳森·杰克逊（Thomas Jonathan Jackson）的名字，（1824年1月21日出生，美国弗吉尼亚州克拉克斯堡[今西弗吉尼亚州]-1863年5月10日去世，弗吉尼亚州几内亚站[今几内亚]死），美国同盟同盟将军战争是其最熟练的战术家之一，他在1861年的第一轮公牛奔跑战役（南方称为第一马纳萨斯战役）中赢得了自己的绰号“石墙”。
公牛奔跑的第一战：杰克逊像石墙一样屹立着！
在7月18日在布莱克本（Blackburn）的福特发生初步冲突之后，博勒加德（Beauregard）的部队在防御阵地后退至公牛奔跑（Bull Run）。麦克道尔，
早期生活和职业
父亲的早逝为家庭留下了很少的支持，母亲随后的去世使杰克逊在亲戚家中长大。早年他没有接受正规教育的机会，但他于1842年被任命为西点军校的一员。经过缓慢的起步，他毕业于班上第17位，并被任命为分配给炮兵的第二中尉。他加入了当时在美国作战的墨西哥的团。在墨西哥战争中，他首先遇到了罗伯特·E·李将军，后者后来成为同盟军队的总司令，杰克逊在这里首次展示了他后来成名的特质：机智，保持头脑冷静，面对敌人的大胆勇敢在墨西哥的战斗结束时，他被提升为中尉，并晋升为少将军衔，之后他被派往墨西哥城的占领军。
Finding service in the peacetime army tedious, he resigned his commission and became professor of artillery tactics and natural philosophy at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in 1851. Though he worked hard at his new duties, he never became a popular or highly successful teacher. A stern and shy man, he earned a reputation for eccentricity that followed him to the end of his career. His strong sense of duty and moral righteousness, coupled with great devotion to the education of cadets, earned for him the derisive title “Deacon Jackson” and comparison with Oliver Cromwell.
Upon the outbreak of the Civil War he offered his services to his state of Virginia and was ordered to bring his VMI cadets from Lexington to Richmond. Soon after, he received a commission as colonel in the state forces of Virginia and was charged with organizing volunteers into an effective Confederate army brigade, a feat that rapidly gained him fame and promotion. His untimely death only two years later cut Jackson down at the height of an increasingly successful career, leaving unanswered the question of his capacity for independent command, which his rapid rise suggests he might have achieved.
Jackson’s first assignment in the Confederate cause was the small command at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), where the Shenandoah River flows into the Potomac. His mission was to fortify the area and hold it if possible. When General Joseph E. Johnston took over the Confederate forces in the valley, with Jackson commanding one of the brigades, Jackson withdrew to a more defensible position at Winchester.
Battle of Manassas
In July 1861 the invasion of Virginia by Federal army troops began, and Jackson’s brigade moved with others of Johnston’s army to unite with General P.G.T. Beauregard on the field of Bull Run in time to meet the advance of General Irvin McDowell’s Federal army. It was here that he stationed his brigade in a strong line, withholding the enemy against overwhelming odds and earning the sobriquet “Stonewall.” The spring of 1862 found Jackson again in the Shenandoah Valley, where his diversionary tactics prevented reinforcements being sent to Federal army general George B. McClellan, who was waging the peninsular campaign against Richmond, the Confederate capital. Jackson’s strategy possibly accounted for Lee’s victory later in the Seven Days’ Battles. Lee, then chief military adviser to Confederate president Jefferson Davis, suggested to Jackson that he use his troops to attack Federal troops in the valley and thus threaten Washington. By rapid movement, Jackson closed separately with several Federal units and defeated them. In April he struck in the mountains of western Virginia; then on May 24–25 he turned on General Nathaniel P. Banks and drove him out of Winchester and back to the Potomac River.
He then quickly turned his attention to the southern end of the valley, defeating the Federals at Cross Keys, Virginia, on June 8, and at Port Republic on the next day. Lee then brought Jackson’s troops by road and railroad to Richmond to envelop the right wing of McClellan’s army. But Jackson arrived a day late, and his reputation lost some of its lustre, possibly because of his lack of experience in large-scale action; nevertheless, McClellan was beaten back and was ordered to evacuate the peninsula.
Lee at once joined Jackson against the Federal forces regrouping under General John Pope. He sent Jackson, by a wide encircling movement, to attack the rear of Pope’s forces and bring on the Second Battle of Bull Run, in which Pope was soundly beaten. Lee next crossed the Potomac for the “liberation” of Maryland. To protect Richmond, Lee detached Jackson to capture Harpers Ferry, which he did in time (September 13–15) to rejoin Lee at Antietam. After his return to Virginia, Lee divided his army into two corps, General James Longstreet commanding the first and Jackson, now a lieutenant general, the second. At Fredericksburg, Virginia, in December, Jackson was in command of the Confederate right when Federal general Ambrose E. Burnside’s rash attack was easily repulsed and he was crushingly defeated.
In April, General Joseph Hooker, Burnside’s successor, attempted to turn the Confederate position on the Rappahannock River, south of Washington. There the seemingly invincible team of Lee and Jackson made its boldest move. Leaving a small detachment to meet Federal troops on the Rappahannock, Lee moved his main body, including Jackson’s corps, to meet Hooker’s threatened envelopment in the woods of Chancellorsville. He then divided his army again, keeping only 10,000 men to demonstrate against Hooker’s front, and he sent Jackson to move secretly around Hooker’s right with his entire corps.
Death
The maneuver was completely successful. On the evening of May 2, Jackson rolled up the flank of the unsuspecting Federal forces. Then, in the moment of victory, tragedy struck. Jackson, who had ridden forward to organize the pursuit, was accidentally shot down by his own men when he returned at dusk and was seriously, but not mortally, wounded. Although his left arm was amputated successfully, pneumonia set in and he died a week later. Lee could not replace him; for while Jackson had lost his left arm, Lee had, indeed, lost his right arm.
That Jackson was the ablest of General Robert E. Lee’s generals is rarely questioned. The qualities of the two men complemented each other, and Jackson cooperated most effectively. In him were combined a deep religious fervour and a fiercely aggressive fighting spirit. He was a stern disciplinarian, but his subordinates and his men trusted him and fought well under his leadership. A master of rapid movement and surprise tactics, he kept his intentions sometimes so veiled in secrecy that often his own officers did not fully know his plans until they were ordered to strike.
