气球飞机
气球飞机
Anonim

气球,大的密闭袋,里面装有热空气或比氦气或氢气轻的空气,以提供浮力,使其升起并漂浮在大气中。运输气球的下方装有吊篮或容器,用于载客或载货。自推式可操纵气球称为飞艇或飞船。

气球是人类首次成功的飞行尝试。最早在1709年,巴西神父和发明家BartolomeuLourençodeGusmão的作品就可以开始实验。 1783年,法国Annonay的Joseph和ÉtienneMontgolfier确认,装满热空气的布袋将会崛起。当年6月4日,他们发射了一个无人驾驶气球,行进了1.5英里(2.4公里)以上。在1783年9月19日,他们在凡尔赛宫用一个较大的气球重复了该实验,并向高处送去了一只绵羊,公鸡和鸭。

1783年11月21日,当阿兰德侯爵让·弗朗索瓦·皮拉特·德·罗齐尔和弗朗索瓦·洛朗乘着蒙哥菲尔气球在巴黎上空航行时,进行了首次载人飞行。他们燃烧羊毛和稻草,使气球中的空气保持高温。他们的飞行在约23分钟内覆盖了5.5英里(约9公里)。那年12月,物理学家雅克·查尔斯(Jacques Charles)在尼古拉斯·路易·罗伯特(Nicolas-Louis Robert)的陪伴下,飞行了一个充满氢气的气球,飞行了两个小时。

气球的军事用途很快被开发出来。拿破仑在某些战役中以及在美国内战和第一次世界大战中双方都使用了锚定的观察气球。找到有用的应用程序。第二次世界大战期间,气球被固定在英国许多地方,以防御低空轰炸或俯冲轰炸。

Balloons have also proved enormously valuable to science. As early as 1911–12, Victor Francis Hess, an Austrian physicist, made a daring series of balloon ascents as high as 5,000 metres (about 3 miles) to prove the existence of cosmic rays. Advances in weather science since 1900 have resulted in great part from intensive exploration of the upper air by instrumented free balloons, which have risen to an altitude of 30 km (19 miles). Auguste Piccard, Swiss physicist and educator, set a world’s altitude record in May 1931 in a balloon of his own design, which featured the first pressurized cabin used in flight. Jean-Felix Piccard, twin brother of Auguste, experimented with plastic balloons and helped to design the polyethylene Skyhook series of high-altitude balloons with which the U.S. Air Force sent manned flights to more than 100,000 feet (30,000 metres) to collect data on the upper atmosphere. Sport ballooning has gained in popularity over the years.