山姆·雷本（Sam Rayburn）美国政治家

萨姆·雷伯恩（Sam Rayburn）的全职，塞缪尔·塔利亚费罗·雷伯恩（Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn）（出生于1882年1月6日，美国田纳西州罗恩县，于1961年11月16日去世，死于德克萨斯州的博纳姆），曾任美国众议院议长代表近17年。他于1912年首次当选为众议院议员，并在那里连续任职48年8个月，这在他去世时是创纪录的任期。他连续25次当选国会议员。在他的记忆中，雷伯恩之家办公大楼位于国会山，是国会办公大楼。

测验

历史研究：事实还是虚构？

今天的希望钻石比过去的几个世纪要小。

生活

Rayburn的家人主要来自苏格兰，于1887年从田纳西州移居到德克萨斯州，在那里Rayburn在一个40英亩的农场长大。他在东得克萨斯师范大学（现为德州农工大学，商业）工作，任教，并成为律师。他在德克萨斯州众议院任职六年（1907-13年），并在1911年当选为议长。次年，他当选为美国国会议员，并在那里待了将近半个世纪。

Energetic, studious, ambitious, and affable, Rayburn quickly became influential behind the scenes in government and in party politics. As chairman (1931–37) of the powerful House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, he was a major architect of the New Deal. As a member of the House of Representatives, he was coauthor of six important laws—the Emergency Railroad Transportation Act, the “Truth-in-Securities” Act, the Stock Exchange Act, the Federal Communications Act, the Rural Electrification Act, and one of the most bitterly contested of all New Deal laws, the Public Utility Holding Company Act.

Rayburn was elected Democratic leader of the House of Representatives in 1937 and became speaker of the House on Sept. 16, 1940. He held the latter office for almost 17 years, exceeding by a wide margin the previous record set by Kentucky statesman Henry Clay in the first quarter of the 19th century. Noted for his tart common sense, his honesty, and his unflagging patriotism, Rayburn was a trusted adviser to Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and John F. Kennedy. A dedicated party man who described himself as a Democrat “without prefix, without suffix, and without apology,” Rayburn was often called “Mr. Democrat.” He was permanent chairman of the Democratic National Convention in 1948, 1952, and 1956. After he won the battle in 1961 to enlarge the House Committee on Rules—the hardest internal House struggle in 50 years—Rayburn’s health failed quickly. Before Congress adjourned that year, he went home to Bonham, Texas, where he died.

Legacy

At the time of his death, Rayburn was regarded as an extraordinarily able legislator who had gone on to become the most effective speaker of the House since Joe Cannon was divested of his power in 1910. That assessment of Rayburn did not change in the decades following his death. His pivotal role in the House as a broker between the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic Party, however, was later better understood and appreciated. During Rayburn’s tenure, power in the House was lodged in the hands of committee chairs who gained their positions through seniority. Because the American South still was overwhelmingly Democratic and the Republican Party was not competitive there, Southern Democrats in the House—with their seniority and their control over chairs of committees—tended to have great power. Northern Democrats tended to be more liberal than their Southern counterparts, but their lack of seniority and committee chairs diminished their influence in the House. Rayburn brokered the interests of both wings of the Democratic Party.

Although the office of speaker at that time lacked great formal powers, Rayburn used the limited influence of the office to maximum advantage. He also relied heavily on his personal prestige, his skill at persuasion, and personal friendships built up over decades in the House to bridge the regional differences within the Democratic Party and to forge a working majority in the House. His leadership style usually resulted in congenial relations not only between the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic Party but also between Rayburn and the Republican leadership of the House—a considerable accomplishment, especially when viewed in the light of the divisive House of Representatives in the early 21st century.