伦巴第大区，意大利伦巴第大区，意大利北部的区域。北部与瑞士接壤，南部与艾米利亚-罗马涅大区（南部），特伦蒂诺—上阿迪杰和威尼托（东部）和皮埃蒙特（西部）意大利地区接壤。在行政上，伦巴第包括贝加莫，布雷西亚，科莫，克雷莫纳，莱科，洛迪，曼托瓦，米兰，蒙扎·布赖恩扎，帕维亚，松德里奥和瓦雷泽省。首都是米兰。
意大利：伦巴第大区的法国胜利
为了征服失去的教皇国土地，朱利叶斯二世组织了一个反威尼斯同盟，即康布雷同盟（1508）。所有的大国
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伦巴第从北到南从物理上分为三个部分-山区和高山前区。一个缓缓起伏的山麓区域；冲积平原区缓缓倾斜至南部的波河。在贝尔尼纳，阿尔卑斯山脉分区的高度达到13284英尺（4049米）。山麓地带部分由花胶物质组成，并包含许多风景秀丽的湖泊。该地区被许多河流向南排水，所有河流都流向了大埔，包括提契诺州，阿达河和奥格里奥河，以及富裕的梅拉河，基耶斯河和明西奥河。该地区盛产湖泊，包含加尔达湖（意大利最大的湖泊），马焦雷湖，卢加诺，科莫，伊塞奥，伊德罗和瓦雷泽湖以及布莱恩扎湖（普夏诺，安纳农，阿尔塞里奥和塞格里诺）的全部或部分。气候一般是大陆性的，夏季炎热而冬季寒冷，波河附近地区的降雨量从每年约24英寸（610毫米）到山区的每年80英寸（2,032毫米）不等。
Lombardy was inhabited by Celtic peoples from the 5th century bce and was conquered by Rome after the Second Punic War (218–201 bce), upon which it became part of Cisalpine Gaul. The region suffered heavily in the barbarian invasions that ended the western Roman Empire, and from 568 to 774 ce it was the centre of the kingdom of the Lombards, a Germanic people who gave their name to the region. The Lombard kingdom ended in 774, and Lombardy became part of the empire of the Frankish king Charlemagne. Frankish rule continued until 887, and after the breakup of the Carolingian empire a number of independent units, mostly towns ruled by counts or bishops, emerged in Lombardy.
These towns’ growing prosperity by the 11th century was based on the role of the middle Po River valley as a transit point for trade between the Mediterranean and the trans-Alpine lands. A number of Lombard towns—Milan, Cremona, Brescia, Bergamo—were able to throw off their feudal rulers and evolve into communes (self-governing municipalities) that became the commercial leaders of Europe at the time. The Lombard communes reached the height of their power in the 12th century, when, in an effort to resist encroachments by the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, they formed the Lombard League; the league defeated the emperor at the Battle of Legnano in 1176 and forced him to recognize its members’ autonomy in the Peace of Constance (1183).
Conflicts within the Lombard communes between Guelfs and Ghibellines were only resolved in the 13th and 14th centuries by the rise of overlords or despots, some of whom, such as the Visconti and Sforza in Milan and the Bonacolsi and Gonzaga in Mantua, founded local dynasties. Milan became the strongest city in Lombardy early in the 14th century and went on to establish its rule over most of the neighbouring towns, though it had to yield Brescia and Bergamo to Venice and the city of Mantua remained independent. Lombardy lost territory to the Swiss, Venetians, and other neighbours in the early 16th century, and in the chaotic wake of the French invasions of Italy, the duchy of Milan came under Spanish Habsburg rule in 1535. Mantua managed to remain independent until 1713, at which time both it and Milan passed to the Austrian Habsburgs. Austrian rule yielded to that of France from 1796 to 1814. In 1815 Lombardy was restored to Austria as part of a newly created Lombardo-Venetian kingdom. In 1859 a Franco-Piedmontese army expelled the Austrians from Lombardy, which joined newly unified Italy.
Lombardy has the largest population of any Italian region, though it covers less than one-tenth of the country’s area. The population is concentrated in the industrial cities of the upper plains and foothills, with secondary concentrations in the rich farmlands in the south. Lombardy is the leading industrial and commercial regione of Italy. Milan, the chief city, is one of the largest industrial centres of Italy. It makes iron and steel, automobiles and trucks, and machinery and is also a centre of banking and wholesale and retail trade. Lombardy’s other major cities include Brescia, Bergamo, Cremona, Pavia, Como, Mantua, and Monza. Their varied manufactures include electrical appliances, textiles, furniture, processed foods, chemicals, and leather.
Lombardy is also Italy’s leading agricultural area. The region’s highly productive agriculture is centred on the irrigated plains of the Po River valley, which produce rice, wheat, corn (maize), sugar beets, and fodder crops for beef and dairy cattle. The higher plains produce cereals, vegetables, fruit trees, and mulberries. The foothill region produces fruit, vines, and olives, and the Alps afford excellent grazing for cattle, pigs, and sheep.
Milan is the hub of northern Italy’s rail network and has direct rail links with Switzerland, France, and Germany via passes and tunnels through the Alps. Lombardy is linked to other regions of Italy by an excellent system of railroads, highways, and expressways. Area 9,211 square miles (23,857 square km). Pop. (2011) 9,704,151.
