约翰·约翰·潘兴（John J. Pershing）的全名，约翰·约瑟夫·潘兴（John Joseph Pershing），全名布莱克·杰克（Black Jack）（生于1860年9月13日，美国密苏里州拉克莱德，卒于1948年7月15日，华盛顿特区），曾指挥美国远征军（AEF） ）在第一次世界大战期间在欧洲）。
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潘兴（Pershing）于1886年毕业于纽约西点的美国军事学院。他被任命为第二少尉，并被分配到第六骑兵部队，该骑兵随后在西南部对Geronimo和Chiricahua Apache进行了作战。 1890年，潘兴（Pershing）在运动中镇压了幽灵舞运动和达科他地区苏族人之间的起义，但他的部队未参加在受伤膝关节的屠杀。 1891年，他成为林肯内布拉斯加大学的军事科学讲师。在那里他还获得了法律学位（1893年）。 1897年，他被任命为西点军校战术讲师。
美西战争为潘兴提供了迅速晋升的机会。他通过圣地亚哥运动（1898年）在古巴服役，并被任命为军械官，主要人员为志愿者。 1899年6月，他被任命为副将军。他组建了战争部的岛屿事务局，并担任该局局长几个月。潘兴（Pershing）于1899年11月被任命为棉兰老岛（Mindanao）部副部长到菲律宾。他在1901年被任命为正规军的上尉，对莫罗斯进行了一场战役，直到1903年。1905年，他被派往日本，担任日本武官美国大使馆，在日俄战争期间，他在满洲的日军观察员呆了几个月。为了表彰他在菲律宾的服务，US Pres。西奥多·罗斯福（Theodore Roosevelt）在1906年将潘兴（Pershing）从上尉晋升为准将，在此过程中，超过862位更高级的军官通过了此项任命。潘兴（Pershing）返回菲律宾，一直呆到1913年，担任棉兰老岛（Mindanao）司令和摩洛（Moro）省长。接下来，他成为对墨西哥革命性Pancho Villa的惩罚性远征军司令的注意，后者于1916年袭击了新墨西哥州的哥伦布。1917年，Frederick Funston少将去世后，潘兴继任美国指挥官。 -墨西哥边境。接下来，他成为对墨西哥革命性Pancho Villa的惩罚性远征军司令的注意，后者于1916年袭击了新墨西哥州的哥伦布。1917年，Frederick Funston少将去世后，潘兴继任美国指挥官。 -墨西哥边境。接下来，他成为对墨西哥革命性Pancho Villa的惩罚性远征军司令的注意，后者于1916年袭击了新墨西哥州的哥伦布。1917年，Frederick Funston少将去世后，潘兴继任美国指挥官。 -墨西哥边境。
After the United States declared war on Germany (April 1917), Pres. Woodrow Wilson selected Pershing to command the American troops being sent to Europe. The transition from the anti-insurgency campaigns that had characterized much of Pershing’s career to the vast stagnant siege of the Western Front was an extreme test, but Pershing brought to the challenge a keen administrative sense and a knack for carrying out plans in spite of adversity. With his staff, Pershing landed in France on June 9, 1917, and that month he submitted a “General Organization Report” recommending the creation of an army of one million men by 1918 and three million by 1919. Earlier American planning had not contemplated such a large army. Having assumed that the AEF could not be organized in time to support military operations on the Western Front, the Allies had asked only for financial, economic, and naval assistance. Pershing’s recommendations regarding the numbers and disposition of troops prevailed, however, especially after Allied fortunes worsened during 1917. By early 1918, American plans had called for concentrating an independent army on the Western Front, which Pershing hoped would spearhead a decisive offensive against Germany.
The exhaustion of the Allies, stemming from the setbacks of 1917, increased their dependence on U.S. arms. It also engendered pressure on Pershing to condone the “amalgamation” of small units of American troops into European armies, as the Allies desperately wanted replacements for their depleted formations to resist expected attacks. From the start, Pershing insisted that the integrity of the American army be preserved, making a firm stand against French tutelage and the French desire to infuse the new American blood into their ranks. Pershing also opposed proposals to divert some U.S. troops to secondary theatres. The Supreme War Council, an institution established to coordinate the political-military strategy of the Allies, continually recommended amalgamation and that diversionary operations be conducted elsewhere than in France, but Pershing remained unmoved. If Pershing’s stance imposed a strain on the exhausted Allies, it was justified by the oft-cited warning against “pouring new wine into old bottles.” Pershing also felt that such an arrangement would represent an unprecedented sacrifice of national prestige. He argued that the fielding of an independent American army would be a serious blow to German morale and provide a permanent uplift to American self-confidence.
The disasters of early 1918 seemed to demonstrate the great risk that had been taken in pursuit of Pershing’s ideal. The Germans, their Western Front armies having been strongly reinforced because of the armistice recently concluded between the German-led Central Powers and Russia, embarked on a fresh wave of attacks designed to break the Allies’ will before the Americans could deploy in strength. At the Second Battle of the Somme, German armies advanced 40 miles (64 km) and captured some 70,000 Allied prisoners. When the German offensives of March–June 1918 threatened Paris, Pershing placed all his resources firmly at the disposal of French Marshal Ferdinand Foch. These pressures subsided when the Allies assumed the offensive during the summer, however, and Pershing reverted to his previous policy.
Pershing’s army never became entirely self-sufficient, but it conducted two significant operations. In September 1918 the AEF assaulted the Saint-Mihiel salient successfully. Then, at Foch’s request, later that month Pershing quickly regrouped his forces for the Meuse-Argonne offensive, despite his original plans to advance toward Metz. Though incomplete preparations and inexperience slowed the Meuse-Argonne operations, the inter-Allied offensive in France destroyed German resistance in early October and led to the Armistice the following month.
Pershing was criticized for operational and logistic errors, but his creation of the AEF was a remarkable achievement. He returned home with a sound reputation, and, on September 1, 1919, he was given the rank of general of the armies of the United States. Pershing’s nickname, “Black Jack,” derived from his service with a black regiment early in his career, had come to signify his stern bearing and rigid discipline. His determination and dedication had gained him the respect and admiration of his men, if not their affection. Eschewing politics, Pershing remained in the army, serving as chief of staff from 1921 until his retirement three years later. Pershing’s memoirs were published as My Experiences in the World War, 2 vol. (1931).
